Showing posts with label j. Show all posts
Showing posts with label j. Show all posts

Monday, September 18, 2017

O155 Ebook Download PDF Nanometer CMOS by Juin J Liou Frank Schwierz Hei Wong

O155 Ebook Download PDF Nanometer CMOS by Juin J Liou Frank Schwierz Hei Wong


Download PDF Nanometer CMOS, by Juin J. Liou, Frank Schwierz, Hei Wong

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Nanometer CMOS, by Juin J. Liou, Frank Schwierz, Hei Wong

Nanometer CMOS, by Juin J. Liou, Frank Schwierz, Hei Wong



Nanometer CMOS, by Juin J. Liou, Frank Schwierz, Hei Wong

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Nanometer CMOS, by Juin J. Liou, Frank Schwierz, Hei Wong

This book presents the material necessary for understanding the physics, operation, design, and performance of modern MOSFETs with nanometer dimensions. It offers a brief introduction to the field and a thorough overview of MOSFET physics, detailing the relevant basics. The authors apply presented models to calculate and demonstrate transistor characteristics, and they include required input data (e.g., dimensions, doping) enabling readers to repeat the calculations and compare their results. The book introduces conventional and novel advanced MOSFET concepts, such as multiple-gate structures or alternative channel materials. Other topics covered include high-k dielectrics and mobility enhancement techniques, MOSFETs for RF (radio frequency) applications, MOSFET fabrication technology.

  • Sales Rank: #7867314 in Books
  • Published on: 2010-02-28
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .80" w x 6.00" l, 1.25 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 340 pages

Review

"Nanoscale CMOS has become mainstream technology. This book deals with a very important topic and is written by two well-known contributors to the field. It is a very timely and important book."
?Prof. Michael Shur, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA

"This book combines the knowledge of three distinguished authors in a unique blend transcending from early history to modern-day nanotechnology; the text will be enjoyable, educational and illuminating for the technical novice and the modern expert."
?Dr. Steven Voldman, ESD Association, USA

About the Author

Dr. Frank Schwierz is head of the RF & Nanoelectronics Research Group at Technische Universit?t (TU) Ilmenau, Germany.

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Sunday, September 10, 2017

C966 Ebook Ebook Download Animation 1 Learn to Animate Cartoons Step by Step Cartooning Book 1 by Preston J Blair

C966 Ebook Ebook Download Animation 1 Learn to Animate Cartoons Step by Step Cartooning Book 1 by Preston J Blair


Ebook Download Animation 1: Learn to Animate Cartoons Step by Step (Cartooning, Book 1), by Preston J. Blair

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Animation 1: Learn to Animate Cartoons Step by Step (Cartooning, Book 1), by Preston J. Blair

Animation 1: Learn to Animate Cartoons Step by Step (Cartooning, Book 1), by Preston J. Blair



Animation 1: Learn to Animate Cartoons Step by Step (Cartooning, Book 1), by Preston J. Blair

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Animation 1: Learn to Animate Cartoons Step by Step (Cartooning, Book 1), by Preston J. Blair

"Let world-renowned animator Preston Blair introduce you to the magical world of cartooning and animation! Whether you?re creating traditional or computer art, youll find valuable information in this book, which covers the most important aspects of cartooning, such as working out layouts, planning scenes, and synchronizing mouth action. It also provides instruction on drawing a variety of believable animated characters, with tips on using lines of action to create realistic motion. Widely considered one of the best cartooning references available, this book is an essential library addition for every aspiring animator."

  • Sales Rank: #136835 in Books
  • Brand: Walter Foster Publishing
  • Model: 1749403
  • Published on: 2003-01-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 13.75" h x .13" w x 10.25" l, .58 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 32 pages

From the Publisher
Dear Art Enthusiast,

Today may be your fist time using a Walter Foster art book, or it may be the continuation of a long-term relationship with our products. Either way, this book will delight you.

Like all of our art books, this title was written with careful attention to detail. It includes detailed illustrations that will bring you a satisfying learning experience and hours of enjoyment. Walter Foster Publishing knows that artists are eager to learn, sharpen their skills and talents, and experience new artistic horizons. And while you may not be in a position to take private lessons, Walter Foster offers you the next best thing--step-by-step, do-it-yourself art instruction books that are entertaining and affordable.

Our books are authored by some of the best artists in America, and you can be sure our quality standards and color presentations are at the highest possible levels. For 80 years, Walter Foster Publishing has been providing instructional art books and products to million of enthusiastic artists who enjoy the rewards of learning to draw and paint. Most of all, we hope you have fun in the process!

About the Author
Preston Blair was a native Californian from Redlands. He attended Pomona College, then studied art at the Otis Art Institute and illustration under Pruett Carter at Chouinard Art Institute (now California Institute of the Arts). He exhibited widely as a member of the California Watercolor Society and the American Watercolor Society in New York.

Blair was one of the fine artists of animation. With the Disney Studio, he designed and animated the hippos in "The Dance of the Hours" and animated Mickey Mouse in the "Sorcerers Apprentice" (both in Fantasia), parts of Pinocchio, and the segment in Bambi when the owl tell about love in the "tiwitterpatted" speech.

At MGM, Blair directed Barney Bear shorts, and is well known as the animator and designer of Red Hot Riding Hood in the Tex Avery epic shorts. Later, Blair moved to Connecticut and produced television commercials, educational films, and half-hour cartoon episodes (including the Flinstones) for West Coast producers. More recently, he was an inventor of interactive TV systems using animation methods to teach reading or to provide full-figure game action that simulates reality--for example, playing tennis with an animated opponent.

Blair died in April 1995 at the age of 85.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Amazon Customer
Very basic but has very good techniques

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Simply the best
By calum johnston
This book is simply the best animation how-to guide for the novice or talented amateur. Very well presented and beautifully illustrated. Its a classic book that has been around for many years and should be around for many more.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Great
By Chris A. Morris
This is a great way to see how animation starts. I would recommend it to anyone wanting to choose Animation as a career. I am taking Web design and Animation.

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Wednesday, August 30, 2017

M115 Ebook Free PDF An Introduction to Sonar Systems Engineering by Lawrence J Ziomek

M115 Ebook Free PDF An Introduction to Sonar Systems Engineering by Lawrence J Ziomek


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An Introduction to Sonar Systems Engineering, by Lawrence J. Ziomek

An Introduction to Sonar Systems Engineering, by Lawrence J. Ziomek



An Introduction to Sonar Systems Engineering, by Lawrence J. Ziomek

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An Introduction to Sonar Systems Engineering, by Lawrence J. Ziomek

Written in tutorial style, this textbook discusses the fundamental topics of modern day Sonar Systems Engineering for the analysis and design of both active and passive sonar systems. Included are basic signal design for active sonar systems and understanding underwater acoustic communication signals. Mathematical theory is provided, plus practical design and analysis equations for both passive and active sonar systems. Practical homework problems are included at the end of each chapter?and a solutions manual and lecture slides for each chapter are available for adopting professors.

  • Sales Rank: #2442816 in Books
  • Published on: 2016-12-21
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 10.25" h x 7.50" w x 1.75" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 694 pages

Review

"I have taught underwater acoustic courses for years and I find that Professor Ziomeks style used in his other books is well liked by students. This new book continues that style and Im certain that my students will find it an effective learning tool. "
?James H. Miller, University of Rhode Island, USA

"The book is very well written and it is very rigorously presented. I believe this will be a perfect reference for students and practitioners."
? Alessio Balleri, Cranfield University, United Kingdom

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Friday, August 25, 2017

J905 Ebook Download PDF What Rosie Found Next Magnolia Creek Book 1 by Helen J Rolfe

J905 Ebook Download PDF What Rosie Found Next Magnolia Creek Book 1 by Helen J Rolfe


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What Rosie Found Next (Magnolia Creek, Book 1), by Helen J Rolfe

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What Rosie Found Next (Magnolia Creek, Book 1), by Helen J Rolfe

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What Rosie Found Next (Magnolia Creek, Book 1), by Helen J Rolfe

One house, two strangers, one very big secret...

A shaky upbringing has left Rosie Stevens craving safety and security. She thinks she knows exactly what she needs to make her life complete – the stable job and perfect house-sit she’s just found in Magnolia Creek. The only thing she wants now is for her long-term boyfriend, Adam, to leave his overseas job and come home for good.

Owen Harrison is notoriously nomadic, and he roars into town on his Ducati for one reason and one reason only – to search his parents’ house while they’re away to find out what they’ve been hiding from him his entire life. When he meets Rosie, who refuses to quit the house-sit in his parents’ home, sparks fly.

Secrets are unearthed, promises are broken, friendships are put to the test and the real risk of bushfires under the hot Australian sun threatens to undo Rosie once and for all.

Will Rosie and Owen be able to find what they want or what they really need?

Praise for Helen J Rolfe

"It’s not an easy task to convince the reader to keep turning the pages, but Helen J Rolfe succeeds delightfully..." Amazon reviewer, Luccia Gray

"Hard to put down...I really enjoyed this book; both characters have great chemistry, are substantial, interesting and well developed. The plot too has plenty of surprises..." Amazon reviewer, Michelle

"I can’t praise this book highly enough...Helen has excelled herself again with this book..." Ali the Dragon Slayer


  • Sales Rank: #416954 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2015-11-03
  • Released on: 2015-11-03
  • Format: Kindle eBook

About the Author
Helen J Rolfe worked in I.T. until her passion for writing refused to be ignored any longer. She studied journalism and began a career as a writer instead. Helen wrote articles for Women’s Health & Fitness magazines as well as newsletter content and media releases for a not-for-profit organisation in Melbourne. In 2011 the fiction bug bit and Helen has been writing fiction ever since. After fourteen years of calling Australia home, Helen has returned to the UK with her husband and two children, and they now live in Hertfordshire.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Sweet and romantic
By Suze Lavender
Rosie combines her new job with house sitting. She temporarily moves to Magnolia Creek and instantly falls in love with the area. Rosie has a boyfriend, someone whos safe and secure. She wants a stable, dependable future. Only her boyfriend is working abroad, so her dreams cant come true yet. Rosie expects to be on her own in the house shes supposed to take care of, but Owen, the son of the owners, wants to stay at the house as well. Hes searching for something and its important hes doing that while his parents arent there.

At first Rosie and Owen dont really get along, but soon they become good friends. Rosie loves her job and her surroundings. Shes dreaming about a beautiful house and everything that comes with it. Owen needs to discover what happened in the past, something that has everything to do with him, but he isnt allowed to know what it is. Will both of them find what they are looking for?

What Rosie Found Next is a lovely, sweet story about two people who havent had the easiest childhoods. Rosie has been through something very sad and she could use some more cheerfulness in her life. Owen loves to travel, hes a free spirit and hes a tough guy who rides a bike. Underneath he has a heart of gold and I immediately liked him very much. Rosie is kind and caring and she has a lot of love to give. I really liked that about her. I enjoyed reading about their friendship and interaction. I love how Helen J Rolfe lets food play a vital part in her stories. What they like and how they prepare it reveals so much about people, about who they are and whats important to them. She uses it to make her characters come to life and it works.

Magnolia Creek is prone to fires. Its a beautiful setting, but the area isnt risk free. It was interesting to read about the firefighters. Theyre doing such a meaningful and brave job. The story taught me more about what they do and how they do it. Fire plays a key part in the book, something thats being revealed bit by bit.

For me the best part of this story was the interaction between Rosie and Owen. I read the book in one sitting as I kept being curious. Something else I really enjoyed reading about was Christmas. It was fun to read about the way both Rosie and Owen were celebrating the holiday and even though What Rosie Found Next isnt a Christmas story it definitely has enough Christmas magic in it to make me feel festive. I love Helen J Rolfes writing. All of her books are amazing and I highly recommend them.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Lovely!
By Simona Elena
*Book provided by the publisher in exchange for an honest review*

The story follows Rosie Stevens, who just started house-sitting in Magnolia Creek. She went through a lot in her past and just wants to be cared for and safe. Her boyfriend Adam is barely there, always far away in another country for work. They wanted to settle down and buy a house, but it never happened. I wasn’t sure from the beginning what to think of their relationship, I just felt that Rosie wasn’t happy and didn’t understand why she never did anything about it.

Owen Harrison arrives at his parent’s house and there she is Rosie. They have a bit of a rocky start, but after a while they start to enjoy each other’s company and talk a lot. They spend a lot of time together and had a connection from the start, they’re banter is unique and they way they call each other ;). Owen realised his feelings pretty fast, but it took Rosie much longer. With Adam still popping by and being there, the situation didn’t get easier.

Connected to the house is also a secret around Owen’s mum, of course that’s bound to be discovered, but by whom? Let me just tell you that there will be some misunderstandings.

To be honest: I took me quite a while to get into this book, which was weird, because I fell in love with the idea immediately. I guess I have expected something different and sadly enough I just couldn’t relate to Rosie at all and her thoughts and decisions made me crazy sometimes. Some scenes in the storyline were flown over or just happened really fast and that was a pity in my eyes.

There were still some great moments in this story and I really enjoyed it, especially towards the end.

I really liked Owen, following him around was great and his feelings came across beautifully in this book.

The setting and the surroundings in this book are just fabulous, I absolutely loved hanging around the house with Owen and Rosie and their scenes were by far my favourites. Helen has a fresh, young voice and I the ending of this book is fab!!! I really want to hear more about Owen’s and Rosie’s lives.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A Delightful and Intriguing Read
By Luccia Gray
Now and again you read a wonderful book that’s like taking a holiday. No stress, no fussing, just relaxation and enjoyment. That’s exactly how I felt when I read What Rosie Found Next by Helen Rolfe. It’s no spoiler to say that there’s a happy ending, and that’s something the reader senses right from the start, but how to keep the reader interested? It’s not an easy task to convince the reader to keep turning the pages, but Helen Rolfe succeeds delightfully. What’s her recipe? She makes sure we’re interested in the characters and the plot. I was really interested in Rosie and her life, which was at an emotional and professional crossroads, and of course, I was also interested in Owen’s family secret. It was fun to watch their interaction, from his first unexpected intrusion, moving on to friendship, and more. There were also some ups and downs to the romance and twists in the plot, mainly due to a love triangle, including Rosie’s boyfriend, and Owen’s family secret.

I loved the setting in Magnolia Creek, in Australia, including various visits to nearby beaches. It was also interesting to read about how the population prepares for and deals with bushfires. I’m impatiently looking forward to reading more books in this series.

I received an ARC from Brook Cottage Books in exchange for an honest review.

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Wednesday, August 9, 2017

Fifteen Fun Facts Jeff Cohen E J Copperman

Fifteen Fun Facts Jeff Cohen E J Copperman


This week, Midnight Ink presents Fifteen Fun Facts about Jeff Cohen (otherwise known as E.J. Copperman), author of the Aspergers Mysteries. His latest, The Question of the Unfamiliar Husband, will be out tomorrow!

1. I am an unapologetic New York Yankees fan.

2. I have owned three rescue dogs. The current one is a beagle named Gizmo.

3. I can play an almost-decent version of �Here Comes the Sun.�

4. One of my children teaches algebra in the Bronx.

5. I once sold a pretzel to Yogi Berra.

6. I spent 20 years writing screenplays with various degrees of no success.

7. I will not eat fish. No. Not even that one.

8. I played Barnaby Tucker in �The Matchmaker� in high school. Killed.

9. I�m not fat. I�m just the wrong height.

10. I am a feminist. In fact, I might be two feminists.

11. I spend hours playing Mac Brickout but I�m really writing.

12. I drive two Priuses (Prii?). Not at the same time.

13. My town has a Kosher Dunkin Donuts.

14. I�m allergic to rabbits.

15. Currently I�m listening to Circe Link. But Paul Melancon and A.J. Croce are great, too.


Purchase The Question of the Unfamiliar Husband online and in bookstores everywhere!


Midnight Ink | Indiebound | Barnes & Noble | Amazon | Your local bookstore

Visit Jeff (slash E.J.) online.


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Friday, August 4, 2017

Q412 Ebook Ebook Born That Way After All by Dr David J Nixon R G Hamm

Q412 Ebook Ebook Born That Way After All by Dr David J Nixon R G Hamm


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Born That Way After All, by Dr. David J. Nixon, R.G. Hamm



Born That Way After All, by Dr. David J. Nixon, R.G. Hamm

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Born That Way After All, by Dr. David J. Nixon, R.G. Hamm

Why do some people lack a desire for the opposite sex? They feel weird, like an outcast, often getting bullied or ridiculed for being different. Sometimes they feel trapped in their own bodies with nowhere to turn as they search for answers. Society tells them that they must be gay. But is that the only sensible explanation? In Born That Way After All, you will see the Biblical fact of men and women who were created different and special—unique servants of the Lord. God has created every human being with a unique purpose: do you know yours? TO PASTORS AND CHURCH LEADERS: How would it feel growing up and knowing there is something different about you? You might be surprised if you knew how many families and friends in your own congregation struggle. They dont want to. They despise it. They need your help. Are you willing to provide that help? Are you prepared to answer their questions? This book can help you learn how to help them—we guarantee it. Remember Gods declaration in Hosea 4:6, "My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge." Lets destroy the void and help the hurting.

  • Sales Rank: #278215 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-09-15
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .48" w x 6.00" l, .59 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 210 pages

Most helpful customer reviews

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
This book is a revelation!
By Amazon Customer
I was skeptical at the title but this book in no way condones homosexuality. It does reveal a biblical truth in Matthew 19 that I havent ever really considered nor heard preached on. This book will open your eyes to a truth that is relevant and absolutely helpful to those struggling with same sex attraction and those that might reach out.

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
This is the answer youve been looking for!
By Mark Agan
I cant tell you how powerful this book is! In a time when so many are struggling to make sense of same-sex attraction and how that fits in with the Bible and the Christian faith, this book hits the nail on the head! I have been in church my entire life and have never heard such a clear, biblical answer as to why this struggle occurs even among many who claim to be true Christians.

"Born That Way After All" gives a biblical answer that finally makes sense! They ARE born that way, just not the way the world wants us to think. This book is perfect for that friend, or family member you know who struggles with this. There is hope, and this book has the answer youve been searching for.

I have seen first hand the lives of several people who have been set free because of the simple, biblical truths taught in this book. That is why I purchased several hard copies of the book to give away to others who are struggling with this. I couldnt recommend this book enough.

5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting Read! A totally different perspective!
By Kim Snyder
Anyone who is living an alternative lifestyle could benefit from reading this. I thought this book gives not only hope but an awesome purpose for their life.

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Thursday, August 3, 2017

C291 Ebook Ebook Deep A Captive Tale by Sam J D Hunt

C291 Ebook Ebook Deep A Captive Tale by Sam J D Hunt


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Deep: A Captive Tale, by Sam J.D. Hunt

DEEP: A Captive Tale A dark erotic novella from Sam J.D. Hunt
A dark pirate seeking redemption,
A lady seeking a way out,
Two lovers from different worlds fall in DEEP.
Through space and time, a Master pirate, Henry Morgan, captures Charlotte Smith and teaches her release through submission; his darkly erotic sensuality sets her free in ways she never could have dreamed.
DEEP is a dark erotic novella of approximately 20,000 words. If you love capture stories, time travel, historical erotica, short reads, or explicitly sensual adventures, this is the story for you. Of course our hero and heroine find love, but theyll have a hell of a ride on the way.
Charlotte dreams of a life in the Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy, but when Captain Henry Morgan captures her on the beach one morning, her dreams and the reality of life with her troubled husband merge, crossing over into a suspenseful erotic adventure that changes all of their lives.
This novella is intended for mature audiences 18 years old and over who enjoy dark erotica and capture fantasies. It contains violence, domestic violence, very graphic sexual scenes including rope bondage, BDSM, anal, oral, deep throat, profanity, multiple partners, MMF, FF, MFF, m?nage, and group scenes.
Something very different from the author of The Thomas Hunt Series of erotic adventures.

  • Sales Rank: #5240029 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-05-11
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.00" h x .20" w x 5.00" l, .21 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 88 pages

Most helpful customer reviews

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Youll never look at butter the same way again!
By Amazon Customer
Deep is Sam Hunts newest book. This novella is a complete departure from her Thomas Hunt series. Deep is a dark, erotic story. There is some violence, but its not as dark as other books Ive read. So if you dont like dark stories of any,kind, this may not be the tale for you.

Deep pulled me in and held my attention from page one. Theres the damsel in distress, a pirate, lots of rum, mangoes and butter.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Deliciously Wicked and Well written... I LOVED THIS BOOK.
By Terri Osborn
I was gifted this by Sam J D hunt and wow what an amazing read.

A dark erotic read and a quick read. I enjoyed it. The sex was off the charts and I loved the strength of Charlotte. I hate George Charlottes husband with a dark passion and I loved Henry. I expected Henry to be the devil in this story but I was sweetly surprised to find out he wasnt. For a short read it was great. I loved the twists and turns that Sam put into her novel. There were things I wasnt expecting to happen and it was well written for the time period.

I picked this book up and finished it within an hour mainly because Im a fast reader but I shall be re-reading this again. It is definitely a dark erotic read and one that was amazingly well written. I love anything by Sam J D Hunt and this was no exception.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Very Deep Loved Every Minute Of It......
By Tina England
I didnt know what to expect reading this book, but wow Author Sam J.D. Hunt did a fantastic job of writing this novella. Anything written by this author doesnt surprise me cause she is truly a fantastic writer.

This is a dark erotic novella, but I didnt know what I find while reading this book. This is the story of Captain Henry Morgan and Charlotte Smith aka Shark Bart. I loved that name for her. She was escaping the hell in her life called George her husband. At first, I didnt know if I would like Henry due to the hard core sexual needs, but in the end, I had a soft side for him. Charlotte took everything Henry gave her and never complain about it even if it was harsh. This book is a fast read, but its filled so much action in it youll want more after you finish reading it. This book is filled with a little mystery, a good storyline and some truly fantastic sex scenes. Wow that is all, Im going to say about it.

If youre thinking about getting this novella, but havent decided yet go one-click this freaking awesome book now. I promise youll enjoy it as much as I have. Author Sam J.D. Hunt is one of my favorite authors and I truly enjoy her writing. She keeps you on your toes in her books till the last page. If your looking for something fast to read this is the book for you.

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Thursday, February 9, 2017

Servier successful before Henderson J in introducing defence based on the Department of Healths prescribing reimbursement practices

Servier successful before Henderson J in introducing defence based on the Department of Healths prescribing reimbursement practices


We are now into the Autumn season and the Michaelmas term, which means an influx of new court judgments.  This author was delighted to stumble upon the latest decision in the intriguing litigation between Secretary of State for Health and Others v Servier when browsing through the recent list of Chancery decisions ([2016] EWHC 366 (Ch)).  This long running saga concerns the thorny intersection of patent rights and antitrust claims, and now - an added attraction in the form of the governments role in providing prescribing guidance to healthcare professionals, and making changes to the NHS drugs tariff for reimbursement.
The IPKat was rather less enthused by the decision.
Background

Servier are the suppliers of the original, branded version of Perindopril, which was supplied in the UK under the brand name "Coversyl". Perindopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ("ACE inhibitor") which is used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Patent EP 1 296 947 (the 947 Patent) was a patent for a particular crystalline form of Perindopril – the alpha crystalline form - which Servier applied for in 2001, and which was in 2007 held to be invalid for lack of novelty and obviousness in Les Laboratories Servier v Apotex Inc ([2007] EWHC 1538 (Pat), upheld by the Court of Appeal [2008] EWCA Civ 445.) In those proceedings it was held that one of Serviers pre-existing process patents, EP 0 308 341, led to the production of the alpha form as its inevitable result.

Following a decision of the European Commission, the Secretary of State for Health ("DoH") has brought a claim in the High Court of England & Wales alleging that Servier tortiuously interfered with the DoHs economic interests by unlawful means in that it procured, defended and enforced the 947 Patent.  The DoH also alleges breach of Article 102 of the TFEU, on the basis that Servier was dominant on the market for the supply of Perindopril or for the supply of ACE inhibitors in the UK between 2011-2007, and that it abused its dominant position.  Further, it claims an infringement of Article 101, on the basis that Servier concluded anti-competitive settlement agreements with various generic suppliers which precluded those companies from challenging the 947 patent, or from supplying generic Perindopril in the UK (i.e. pay for delay). 

Similar legal proceedings have been issued by the Scottish, N Irish, and Welsh health authorities, and the cases have been linked and are proceeding in parallel.

Application to re-amend Defence

This decision concerned an application by Servier to re-amend its Defence, in a form which can be summarised as follows:
1. The Claimant failed to take reasonable steps to encourage switching from the prescription of Perindopril to the prescription of cheaper alternative ACE inhibitors in generic form (the "prescribing argument").  This: (a) results in a failure of the Claimant to mitigate its loss; (b) amounts to contributory negligence in relation to the tortious interference claims; and (c) broke the chain of causation/rendered any damage suffered by the Claimant too remote. 
The DoH opposed this amendment on the basis that it is not reasonable arguable.  The DoHs opposition was motivated by concerns that giving disclosure of all documents formerly held by Primary Care Trusts (predecessors to clinical commissioning groups) in relation to the prescribing argument, and addressing it in witness evidence and at trial would be extremely burdensome and expensive.
2. The Claimant failed to act expeditiously in moving Perindopril into category M (i.e. the generic price category) of the NHS Drug Tariff. This proposed amendment was not challenged by the DoH.
The Scottish, N Irish and Welsh health authorities did not oppose Serviers application to amend.
 
Analysis of the Court

It was common ground that the test for "not reasonably arguable" is the same as the summary judgment standard under Civil Procedure Rule Part 24, namely, whether the amendment has a real as opposed to fanciful prospect of success.  The DoH submitted that there was a fundamental inconsistency between the prescribing argument and the nature of the causes of action. Claims under articles 101 and 102 are aimed at protecting consumers from market power being created artificially or exploited by producers in order to raise prices above competitive levels. It would be incompatible to reduce Serviers liability on the basis that the DoH (essentially the consumer) should never have purchased the product at the inflated price in the first place. 

Henderson J analysed five separate arguments advanced by the DoH for saying that Serviers mitigation defence based on the prescribing argument had no real prospect of success (only the first will be analysed in this report, it being of particular interest). The court noted that the doctrine of mitigation cannot come into play before the relevant breach of contract has occurred.  The issue then was whether the case against Servier involves: (a) allegations of a series of separate infringements of their rights occurring on each occasion when they purchased branded Perindopril; or (b) allegations of certain specific infringements of their rights at specific times which produced a series of losses stemming from those infringements on each occasion that Perindopril was subsequently bought. Ultimately, the issue turned on the form of the DoHs pleading. There was no clearly pleaded foundation for the proposition that each and every supply of Perindopril involved the accrual of a fresh cause of action.  Instead, the claim was framed in the sense that the specific infringements alleged against Servier had the result that generic entry into the market was unlawfully delayed and the consequence that Servier was able to continue charging its normal price for branded Perindopril. The prescribing argument was properly advanced as a failure to mitigate.

The DoH submitted that the prescribing argument could not provide a defence of contributory negligence, because the alleged negligence is not the effective cause of the loss, but merely the occasion for it.  Henderson J noted that this was a highly fact-specific issue which was unlikely to be suitable for summary determination.  It was reasonably arguable that the ongoing levels of purchase at Perindopril at a high price were caused in part by the DoHs conduct in failing to encourage switching to other ACE inhibitors.  Similarly, it is possible that this alleged failure of the DoH amounted to a break in the chain of causation.  In light of the above, Serviers "prescribing argument" defence in its various guises was allowed. 

Comment

So far as this GuestKat is aware, this is the first occasion on which prescribing and reimbursement matters have been raised by way of defence in a claim made by public healthcare authorities against a pharmaceutical company.  The 31 page judgment is a juicy one, and well worth a read for those interested in this area. It is worth remembering that the standard for introducing pleading amendments is a low hurdle, and it remains to be seen whether any of these defences will gain traction with the Court in due course.   

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